13 Vaidya
نویسنده
چکیده
of the disease is better understood. In the mid-19th century, the humoral theory of breast cancer was overturned by a mechanistic model viz., ‘it arises in the breast and spreads centrifugally to regional lymph nodes and thence to rest of the body’. Charles Moore, (1821–1879) a surgeon from the Middlesex Hospital in London, among others, believed that the only way to cure breast cancer was very extensive surgery, in which the tumour was not violated.1 The belief in this mechanistic model resulted in development of the Halsted radical mastectomy for the ‘cure of the cancer of the breast’, at the end of the 19th century.2 Unfortunately, only 23% of patients treated by Halsted survived 10 years.3 Even more radical surgery,4 including the internal mammary lymph nodes, did not make a difference.5,6 Prompted by the failures of radical operations to cure patients of breast cancer, Fisher7 and others postulated that cancer spreads via blood stream even before its clinical detection, with the outcome determined by the biology of tumour–host interactions. This concept of ‘biological predeterminism’ suggested that:
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We show that the only Tolman models which permit a Vaidya limit are those having a dust distribution that is hollow — such as the self-similar case. Thus the naked shell-focussing singularities found in Tolman models that are dense through the origin have no Vaidya equivalent. This also casts light on the nature of the Vaidya metric. We point out a hidden assumption in Lemos’ demonstration that...
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